Chest X Ray

 

The Chest X-Ray (CXR) is the most common imaging modality done due to its ability to provide much information. It can eliminate some structural abnormalities from consideration and is also sufficient, along with history and physical exam, to make many diagnoses.

Differentiation of structures is possible because of differing densities. There four basic densities include: air (aerated lung, trachea), fat, soft tissue (heart, liver, diaphragm), and bone.

Structures of differing densities in contact with each other will be discernable, while tissues of smiliar density will not.

 

Approach to the CXR

  • technique

  • surrounding
    structures
  • mediastinum

  • lungs

  • pulmonary
    findings
  • cardiac
    findings

Technique

The first step of CXR, or any diagnostic test, is to assess for technical adequacy.

 

Patient identification and date of image: ensure you're examining the right film!

 

Projection: ideally, a CXR will be taken PA and lateral views, with the patient upright. Portable studies tend to be AP, which are less instructive. Specifically, AP views magnify thoracic structures and provide less resolution.

 

Patient position:Ideally, the patient is upright, with arms extended. If not, position should be noted. Another important variable is rotation. To assess, compare the distances between the spinous processes and the clavicular heads. Lastly, assess lordosis. It is best if the coronal planes of both patient and film are perpindicular to X-ray path.

 

Adequacy of view: Ensure the entire lungs are visible - costophrenic angles, apices, and sides, on both PA and lateral views.

 

Penetration: Level of exposure is very important. Overpenetration will cause structures to be more radiolucent (black) than reality, while underpenetration will cause the opposite. It is critical to compare dfferences in penetration between CXRs taken at different times.

To quickly assess penetration, evaluate the vertebral bodies. They should be well visualized through the neck and behind the trachea, faintly visualized through the heart, and not at all through the diaphragm.

 

Inspiration/expiration: Unless noted the CXR should be taken during maximal inspiration, meaning at least 10 posterior rib shadows are visible over the lung fields.

Expiratory views accentuate pulmonary vasculature and cause the heart shadow to appear elevate or enlarged, falsely suggesting pulmonary edema or cardiomegaly.

 

 

Resources and References

Queen's University 'approach to CXR'