Gastrointestinal Conditions and Diseases
Due to constant mechanical trauma and exposure to pathogens and toxic substances, the gastrointestinal system experiences substantial damage over a lifetime. Gastrointestinal concerns are extremely common, with many of these listed below.
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gall Bladder
Esophageal Conditions and Diseases
Other
Zencker's diverticulum is a failure of UES relaxation. It is most common in older people with neurological issues such as stroke or Parkinson's.
Diffuse esophageal spasm occurs with disordered esophageal spasm.
Nutcracker esophagus is a high pressure esophageal state with peristalsis.
Scleroderma relaxation of the LES with free reflux up the esophagus, along with motor dysfunction.
Boerhaave's - rupture of the GE junction from violent vomiting. Fix the problem and place a number of drains and chest tubes to remove food from the paraesophageal space. The earlier the surgery, the more successful it should be. Suture the mucosa as well as the musculature.
Small perforations can be treated conservatively if food leaks back into the esophagus.
Intestinal Conditions and Diseases
- inflammatory bowel disease
- irritable bowel syndrome
- Meckel's divertculum
- colorectal cancer
- diverticulitis
- appendicitis
- intra-abdominal abcess
- bowel obstruction
- celiac disease
- lactose intolerance
- bacterial overgrowth
- ileus
- abdominal wall hernias
- toxic megacolon
- anal fissure
- hemorrhoids
- anal abscess and fissure
to clean up:
Small Intestine
The small intestine is colonized with many bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Most of these are anaerobes, such as Peptostreptococcus, Porhyromonas, and Prevotella. Small numbers of Samonella and Campylobacter can be present asymptomatically. Intestinal stasis can lead to colonization and invasion by organisms normally associated with the colon, leading to malabsorptive syndromes.
Large Intestine
More microbes are found in the large intestine than anywhere else in the body - it is estimated that there are more than 1011 bacteria per gram of stool. Anaerobic bacteria are in excess of more than 1000 fold, with the most common being Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium. These bacteria rarely cause disease.
While enterobacteriacae such as Escherichia coliaccount for less than 1% of the bacterial population, it accounts for most intra-abdominal disease.
Various yeasts and non-pathogenic parasites also are present.
Antibiotic treatment can rapidly change the bacterial population in the colon, leading to proliferation of antibiotic-resistant organisms such as Pseudomonas, enterococci, fungi, and C. difficile.
Pathogenesis
Viral gastroenteritis is one of the top 5 causes of pediatric admission to hospital.
There are now dipsticks available to screen stool for rotavirus, adenovirus, and norovirus, wher
adenovirus can cause diarrhea
Liver Conditions and Diseases
Gall Bladder Conditions and Diseases
Additional Resources
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