Hypertensive Emergency

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Introduction

Hypertensive emergency or crisis is an acute elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with damage to organs such as the eyes, heart, kidneys, or brain.

Hypertensive urgency is acute elevation in the absence of end-organ damage.

 

 

The Case of...

a simple case introducing clincial presentation and calling for a differential diagnosis to get students thinking.

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Causes and Risk Factors

Hypertension can be severely increased in a number of conditions, including

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Pathophysiology

 

 

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Signs and Symptoms

  • history
  • physical exam

History

Symptoms relate to end-organ damage

CNS: headache, nausea, vomiting, mental status changes

eyes: vision changes

severe ripping chest pain

Physical Exam

Signs include:

  • changes on fundoscopy: hemorrhage, exudate, cotton wool spots, papilledema, sausage linking

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Investigations

  • lab investigations
  • diagnostic imaging

Lab Investigations

 

blood

  • BUN
  • creatinine

urine

  • proteinuria
  • RBC and RBC casts

Diagnostic Imaging

 

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Differential Diagnosis

 

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Treatments

 

Commonly used treatments include:

A hypertensive emergency requires IV medications and admission. Important medications include:

 

 

Consequences and Course

Hypertensive encephalpathy

stroke

acute aortic dissection

Left ventricular failure can follow increased peripheral resistance and afterload, leading to angina, infarction, and pulmonary congestion.

Thoracic aortic dissection may also occur.

Encephalopathy can occur with cerebral hyperperfusion, leading to CNS symptoms, retinopathy, coma, and death.

The kidneys are also often damaged by hypertension, leading to failure.

 

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The Case of...

Case #2 - a small story wrapping it all up and asking especially about management.

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Additional Resources

 

 

 

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Topic Development

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