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Hypertensive emergency or crisis is an acute elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with damage to organs such as the eyes, heart, kidneys, or brain.
Hypertensive urgency is acute elevation in the absence of end-organ damage.
a simple case introducing clincial presentation and calling for a differential diagnosis to get students thinking.
Hypertension can be severely increased in a number of conditions, including
Symptoms relate to end-organ damage
CNS: headache, nausea, vomiting, mental status changes
eyes: vision changes
severe ripping chest pain
Signs include:
blood
urine
Commonly used treatments include:
A hypertensive emergency requires IV medications and admission. Important medications include:
Hypertensive encephalpathy
stroke
acute aortic dissection
Left ventricular failure can follow increased peripheral resistance and afterload, leading to angina, infarction, and pulmonary congestion.
Thoracic aortic dissection may also occur.
Encephalopathy can occur with cerebral hyperperfusion, leading to CNS symptoms, retinopathy, coma, and death.
The kidneys are also often damaged by hypertension, leading to failure.
Case #2 - a small story wrapping it all up and asking especially about management.
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