Hemorrhage

class I

<750ml

<15%

class II

750-1500 ml

15-30%

class III

1500-2000

30-40%

class IV

>2000 ml

>40%

cardiovascular

• tachycardia
• normal BP
• normal pulse pressure

• HR >120
• decreased SBP

• HR >140
• hypotensive

CNS

anxious, irritable, confused

decreased LOC, decreased response to pain

comatose

skin

cool, mottled

cyanotic; markedly decreased capillary refill

pale, cold

urine output

low or very low

minimal

none

mild (<30%)

moderate (30-45%)

severe (>45%)

cardiovascular

• tachycardia
• weak pulses
• normal systolic BP (80-90 + 2 x age)
• normal pulse pressure

• tachycardia
• weak central pulses
• absent peripheral pulses
• low/normal SBP (70-80 +2 x age)
• decreased pulse pressure

• tachycardia, or bradycardia
• weak/absent central pulses
• hypotensive (<70 + 2x age)
• narrowed pulse pressure

CNS

anxious, irritable, confused

decreased LOC, decreased response to pain

comatose

skin

cool, mottled

cyanotic; markedly decreased capillary refill

pale, cold

urine output

low or very low

minimal

none