Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis

PD tubing

Peritonaeal dialysis (PD), as the name suggests, uses the peritoneal membrane's semi-permeable characteristics to filter wastes and provide fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

PD uses a permanent catheter, inserted through the abdomenal wall, to transfer fluid to and from the peritoneal cavity. The catheter, shown at left, has multiple holes to increase fluid passage.

Dialysate is tranferred up to 5 times daily, with fresh fluid introduced each time. Solutes move down their concentration gradients, while water is shifted via osmotic drag, provided by dextrose or other solutes.

When starting PD, the quality of a person's membrane is unknown. Perfusion rates are controlled by surface area, vasculature, and amount of peritoneal scarring, and emperic approaches are used to plan future treatments.

Dialysate comes in various concentrations, ie 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, or 4.25%. Concentration used on a given day depends upon fluid status - weight gain/loss, peripheral edema, blood pressure, or symptoms thereof.

PD is used in various settings, including as maitenance for end-stage renal failure. Technique survival decreases to 50% after 5 years due to loss of peritoneal membrane function.

Complications include:

peritonitis (often due to Staph. epidermidis). Treatment is with intraperitoneal or intravenous antibiotics.
mechanical blockage of fluid drainage, often by constipation
infections at catheter site
pleural effusions or sclerosing peritonitis

Contraindications include:

peritoneal adhesions following peritonitis
abdominal hernia
colostomy

It is important to assess the bag of spent dialysate. Look at clarity, presence of fibrin, and bag weight to learn how much fluid was taken off.

Hemodialysis

During hemodialysis, blood is removed from the body, placed in contact with dialysate fluid through a semi-permeable membrane, and returned to the body, normally for 4h of treatment, 3x weekly. The aim is a 70% reduction in BUN.

needle needle

hemodialysis

Blood leaves either through a fistula or a central line, at ~300 ml/min. Blood flows through a dialysis machine and a semi-permeable membrane, bathed in dialysate fluid, which flows at ~500ml/min. Toxins are removed and important solutes added back in, moving down a concentration gradient.

The goal is to return patients to their dry weight when doing dialysis. When people first present, the may have lost some weight from their condition. Dialysis will improve their status, and as they regain muscle mass, dry weight needs to be shifted upwards.

Arteriovenous fistulas are constructed surgically, usually by joining the radial artery and cephalic veins. The venous system then arterializes, providing access to high blood flows required for dialysis. Fistulas can be susceptible to infection or thrombosis.

Dialysis dose can be adjusted by altering blood flow, changing the area of semi-permeable membrane, or by varying the duration of treatment.

Patients are weighed before dialysis to determine the level of fluid required for removal. Generally, a maximum of 1kg/hour of fluid is removed.

filter Blood flows through the many tubes in the filter, shown on the right. The tubes, composed of semi-permeable membranes, are bathed in dialysate fluid, and fluid and solutes pass through the tubes bi-directionally. Blood then flows out the bottom of the filter before being returned to the body.

There are various synthetic membranes available, each with different permeability characteristics.

Hemodialysis can result in hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia, due to difficulties removing these solutes. Water-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin C and folic acid are also dialyzed out, requiring supplementation.

Complications of hemodialysis include:

hypotension
infection
hemolysis
air embolus
reaction to dialysis membrane

dialysis fluid

Dialysate fluid

Dialysate fluid is made from purified, non-sterile water with a solute concentraion similar to plasma, but without wastes.

Important solutes added back include potassium.

Hemofiltration

Hemofiltration involves filtering the blood across a semipermeable membrane, allowing the removal of small molecules. Fluid is replaced to make up for losses, and is commonly buffered with lactate.

Hemofiltration is commonly used in cases of acute renal failure, especially in the ICU, as slower, continuous filtration causes smaller fluid shifts and therefore hypotension than hemodialysis.

Choosing the Right Type of Dialysis

PD is a gentler dialysis, avoiding the troughs in fluid levels that hemodialysis brings.

But hemodialysis is easier on staff.

Dialysis

Introduction

Indications

Types of Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis

Hemodialysis

Dialysate fluid

Hemofiltration

Choosing the Right Type of Dialysis

Resources and References